H1022 The study's number for this person. Cite it and it will always lead here, whatever the spelling.
· A life in the study

Nutt Hegnauer

Born at Igis in 1725 and last recorded at Igis in 1762.

born before 9 Aug 1725 at Igis, Graubünden died after 2 Oct 1762

Also written Nuttin Hegnauer, Nut Hegnauer

Igis from the air, 1 Sep 1947. Werner Friedli, ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv / Stiftung Luftbild Schweiz, LBS_H1-010091, CC BY-SA 4.0

Life story

Nutt Hegnauer was very probably the Nuttin baptised at Igis, in the Rhine valley of Graubünden, Switzerland, on 9 August 1725, the first child of Jacob Hegnauer and his second wife, Leta Gujan.1 His father had married at Igis in 1715 and was the first of the name in the village's registers.2 Nutt himself is recorded there as a husband and father from 1746 to 1762,3–4 and through his son Christen he was very probably the great-grandfather of Luzius Hegnauer, who took his family to America in 1856.5–6

Igis

His name was an old one in Graubünden, where a Nuttin is recorded as early as 1505; the Rätisches Namenbuch, the reference work on the personal names of Graubünden, counts Nutt, with Janett and Janutt, among the local names that grew out of Johannes (John).7 Nutt is the first Hegnauer known to have borne it, and it stayed in use in the family for more than a century.8–9

In his lifetime Igis was a farming village of vineyards, orchards and livestock, with mills along its millstream, and its church had been Reformed since 1532.10 With Zizers, Trimmis and Untervaz it made up the Four Villages (Vier Dörfer), a jurisdiction of the League of God's House (Gotteshausbund) that elected its own chief magistrate, the Landammann.11 The League was one of the Three Leagues, a loose free state in which each commune was, in effect, a small republic.12

Marriage and children

Nutt married Madlena Krädtli about 1745; the record of the wedding has not been found. Between 1746 and 1762 they had seven children baptised at Igis. The first son, baptised on 2 July 1746, was named Jacob, after Nutt's father.3 Then came Christen in December 1748, Nutt in August 1752, Elisabeth in October 1754, Johan Heinrich in November 1757, Johanness in March 1760 and Johan Georg in October 1762.4–5, 8, 13–15

Childhood was fragile in eighteenth-century Graubünden, where smallpox and other infections, and in bad years famine, raised the death rate, above all among children.12 Nutt and Madlena's youngest, Johan Georg, died just before his fourth birthday, in October 1766.16

Last years and legacy

Nutt is last recorded at Johan Georg's baptism in October 1762.4 His death and burial have not been found.

His sons carried the family on at Igis. Christen, very probably the Christian Hegnauer who married Ursula Radig there in 1777, named his own first son Nutt,17–18 and it was Christen's grandson Luzius who took his wife and children to America in 1856.6 Johan Heinrich was probably the Heinrich Hegnauer who married Maria Hartmann at Igis in 1788,19 and their daughter Christina seems to have emigrated with her husband, Nikolaus Hermann, to Outagamie County, Wisconsin, in 1856, the same year as Luzius.20–21

What we know

Proven

  • Death, 1762
  • Marriage to Madlena Krädtli
  • one home, from the census and other records

Probable

  • Birth at Igis, 1725
  • Baptism at Igis, 1725

What's still open

  • Marriage (about 1745). Not found; see Madlena's profile for the search of the Igis marriage index.
  • Death. not found. The Igis burial index is thin before 1780; a Nutt Hegnauer buried after 1762 should be sought under all spellings.

Sources

Source 1

1 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1725

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Nuttin, 9 August 1725, Igis, Graubünden; parents "Jacob Hamauer" [Hegnauer] and "Ce Lujanin" [Leta Gujan] (DGS 8014188, image 130). FamilySearch record 66VM-V1YN; father's entry FamilySearch record 66VM-V1YK

Source 2

2 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1715

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, marriage of Jacob Hagenauwer [Hegnauer] and Margredt Hartmann, 1 March 1715, Igis, Graubünden (Igis church book, FamilySearch DGS 8014188, image 159). FamilySearch record 66VW-81M1

Sources 3–4

3 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1746

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Jacob Hegnaner [Hegnauer], 2 July 1746, Igis, Graubünden; parents "Rutt" [Nutt] Hegnaner and Madlena Krätl. FamilySearch record 66VM-XQKV; parents' entries FamilySearch record 66VM-XQK2, FamilySearch record 66VM-XQKP

4 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1762

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Johan Georg Hegnaùer, 2 October 1762, Igis, Graubünden; parents Nut Hegnaùer and "Ma Anna" Kretler [Madlena Krädtli]. FamilySearch record 66VM-DCJG

Sources 5–6

5 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1748

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Christen Hegnaùer [Hegnauer], 12 December 1748, Igis, Graubünden; parents Nut Hegnaùer and Madlena Krätlner [Krädtli]. FamilySearch record 66VM-KM4W

6 New York, Passenger Lists, 1856

"New York, Passenger Lists, 1820–1957," database with images, Ancestry, ship Chase from Havre, arrived New York 30 September 1856 (NARA M237, roll 167), lines 155–161, family of Luzius Hegnauer indexed as "Hegemann". ancestry.com/search/collections/7488/records/1377441; arrival 29 Sep 1856 in the New York Herald and New-York Daily Tribune, 30 September 1856.

Source 7

7 Rätisches Namenbuch, vol. 3, 1986

Rätisches Namenbuch, vol. 3, Die Personennamen Graubündens, ed. Konrad Huber (Bern: Francke, 1986), read in its "Zusammenfassung der Einleitung" (summary of the introduction), pp. 5, 8 and 10: Nutt, with Janett, Janutt and Janutin, among the Graubünden names derived from Johannes, and a "Nuttin" recorded at Salouf in 1505; online PDF, Swiss Genealogy, kunden.eye.ch/swissgen/rnb/rnbein-d.pdf (accessed 27 September 2026).

Sources 8–9

8 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1752

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Nùtt Hegnaùer, 30 August 1752, Igis, Graubünden; parents Nutt Hegnaùer and Madlena. FamilySearch record 66VM-NLV4

9 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1854

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, burial of Nuttin Hegnauer, 10 January 1854, Igis, Graubünden; died 8 January 1854; born 1780 [computed]; parents Christ [Christian] Hegnauer and Ursula Nadig [Radig]; spouse Luzia Luzi. FamilySearch record 6F8D-7DG5; also indexed as FamilySearch record 6F8D-7PB7 and FamilySearch record 6F8D-M8GG

Source 10

10 Igis, 2000

Adolf Collenberg, "Igis," Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS), version of 2000 (print-edition article, updated 12 July 2017), hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/001598/2017-07-12 (accessed 27 September 2026).

Source 11

11 Fünf Dörfer, 2000

Adolf Collenberg, "Fünf Dörfer," Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS), version of 2000 (print-edition article, updated 10 March 2017), hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/015281/2017-03-10 (accessed 27 September 2026).

Source 12

12 Verfassung und Landesgesetze, 2004

Martin Bundi, "Verfassung und Landesgesetze," and Peter Bollier, "Bevölkerung und Siedlung," sections on the Free State of the Three Leagues (14th–18th centuries) in Florian Hitz et al., "Graubünden," Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS), version of 2004 (print-edition article, updated 29 August 2023), hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/007391/2023-08-29 (accessed 27 September 2026).

Sources 13–15

13 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1754

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Elisabeth Hegnaùer, 30 October 1754, Igis, Graubünden; parents Nutt Hegnaùer and Madlena "Nutz Knälenen" [Krädtli]. FamilySearch record 66VM-H24B

14 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1757

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Johan Heinrich Hegnaùer, 30 November 1757, Igis, Graubünden; parents Nut Hegnaùer and Madlena Krädtlenen [Krädtli]. FamilySearch record 66VM-HK8J

15 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1760

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Johanness Hegnaùer, 23 March 1760, Igis, Graubünden; parents Nut Hegnaùer and Madlena Krädlenen [Krädtli]. FamilySearch record 66VM-2LYZ

Source 16

16 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1766

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, burial of Johan Georg Hegnauer, 1 October 1766, Igis, Graubünden; born 1762 [computed]. FamilySearch record 66V7-W2Y1

Sources 17–18

17 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1777

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, marriage of Christian Hegnauer and Ursula Redig [Radig], 15 January 1777, Igis, Graubünden. FamilySearch record 66VW-LLKD

18 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1779

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of "Ruttin Hegnaner" [Nuttin Hegnauer], 1779, Igis, Graubünden; parents Christen Hegnaner and Urschla Radig. FamilySearch record 66VM-2G4Q; father's entry FamilySearch record 66VM-2G4W

Source 19

19 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1788

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, marriage of Heinrich Hegnauer and Märia [Maria] Hartmann, 27 August 1788, Igis, Graubünden. FamilySearch record 66VW-PYY8

Sources 20–21

20 Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1800

"Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Christina Hegnauer, 28 May 1800, Igis, Graubünden; parents Heinrich Hegnauer and Maria Hartman [Hartmann]. FamilySearch record 66VM-65WB

21 FamilySearch Full-Text, county biographical history, 1831

FamilySearch Full-Text, county biographical history, Outagamie County, Wisconsin (probably 1890s), biography of Frederick Spoehr: his wife Christina Herman, born in Switzerland on 5 October 1831, was "a daughter of Nicholas and Christina (Hegnauer) Herman", who followed her to America in 1856 and settled in Outagamie County, where the mother died in 1863 and the father in 1878 (machine transcription); image familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9DX-CVMT

Life in time

with the history around it

before 9 Aug 1725

Birth , Igis, Graubünden, Switzerland

probable Source 1

How we know

Probable: if he is the Nuttin baptised on 9 Aug 1725 (see Research Notes).

The only Nutt Hegnauer baptised at Igis is Nuttin, son of Jacob Hegnauer and Leta Gujan, 9 Aug 1725, a man of the right age to father children from 1746; the identification is probable.

  1. 1725 Birth before 9 Aug 1725 · Igis, Graubünden · probable

    Probable: if he is the Nuttin baptised on 9 Aug 1725 (see Research Notes).

    The only Nutt Hegnauer baptised at Igis is Nuttin, son of Jacob Hegnauer and Leta Gujan, 9 Aug 1725, a man of the right age to father children from 1746; the identification is probable.

    Source 1

  2. 1725 Baptism 9 Aug 1725 · Igis, Graubünden · probable

    Probable identification.

    Igis baptism register (FamilySearch index): Nuttin, parents "Jacob Hamauer" [Hegnauer] and "Ce Lujanin" [Leta Gujan].

    Source 1

  3. 1746 Residence between 2 Jul 1746 and 2 Oct 1762 · Igis, Graubünden · proven

    His seven children were baptised at Igis, 1746–1762.

    Sources 3, 4, 5, 8, 13, 14, 15

  4. 1746 Son born: Jakob Hegnauer family event
  5. 1749 Son born: Christian Hegnauer family event
  6. 1752 Son born: Nùtt Hegnauer family event
  7. 1754 Daughter born: Elisabeth Hegnauer family event
  8. 1757 Son born: Johan Heinrich Hegnauer family event
  9. 1760 Son born: Johanness Hegnauer family event
  10. 1762 Death after 2 Oct 1762 · proven

    The last record of him alive is the baptism of his son Johan Georg in October 1762. His burial has not been found.

    He is named as the father at the baptism of 2 Oct 1762.

    Source 4

  11. 1762 Son born: Johan Georg Hegnauer family event
  • proven
  • probable
  • family event

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Places in this life

one place
1
  1. 1 Igis, Graubünden Birth before 9 Aug 1725 · Baptism 9 Aug 1725 · Residence between 2 Jul 1746 and 2 Oct 1762

Family

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The evidence 5 facts with their grades, 23 sources, and the research notes

Facts

Fact Date Place Grade Sources
Birth before 9 Aug 1725 Igis, Graubünden, Switzerland probable 1
Baptism 9 Aug 1725 Igis, Graubünden, Switzerland probable 1
Residence between 2 Jul 1746 and 2 Oct 1762 Igis, Graubünden, Switzerland proven 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 14 , 15
Death after 2 Oct 1762 proven 4
Marriage with Madlena Krädtli proven 3 , 5

Research notes

  • Sources: FamilySearch's index of the Igis Reformed church book (DGS 8014188); the images are viewable only at a FamilySearch Center and have not been seen. The baptisms spell the family Hegnaùer, Hegnaner and Hegnane, and his wife's surname Krätl, Krätlner, Krädtlenen, Krädlenen, "Nutz Knälenen" and Kretler.
  • Name: Nuttin at his baptism (1725); Nut or Nutt at his children's baptisms (1746–1762).1, 5, 8
  • Parents (probable): He is taken to be Nuttin (1725), son of Jacob and Leta, because (1) Nuttin is the only Nutt baptised to a Hegnauer at Igis; (2) Jacob's family was the only Hegnauer family at Igis, so a Hegnauer of Nutt's generation there should be Jacob's son; (3) his age fits a father from 1746; (4) his first son was named Jacob, following the custom of naming a first son for the paternal grandfather. No record names the parents of the adult Nutt. The 1746 baptism of his son Jacob was found only by the study's variant-spelling harvest (the father indexed as "Rutt").
  • Marriage (about 1745): Not found; see Madlena's profile for the search of the Igis marriage index.
  • His brother: Johann Heinrich, who married Elsbeth Pfeiffer in 1763 and was buried in 1801 "born 1734", is very probably Hanss Heinrich, baptised in 1734 to Jacob and Leta, so Nutt's younger brother.
  • "Ma Anna" (1762): the mother at the 1762 baptism is indexed "Ma Anna Kretler". The surname is his wife's, so this is taken to be a misreading of Madlena, not a second wife; the image should be checked.
  • Christen (1748): see Christian Hegnauer for why the Christen of 1748 is taken to be the Christian who married Ursula Radig in 1777 (probable).
  • Jacob (1746): very probably the Jakob Hegnauer who married Dorothea Theinler and was buried at Igis on 3 Mar 1784, "born 1747" (see his profile).
  • Johan Heinrich (1757) and his daughter Christina (probable): The Heinrich who married Maria Hartmann at Igis on 27 Aug 1788 is taken to be Johan Heinrich (1757), because a Hans Heinrich Hegnauer buried at Igis on 3 Sep 1826 has the birth year 1757 in the index, and no other Johann Heinrich of that age is known there.19, 22 Their daughter Christina, baptised at Igis on 28 May 1800, married Nikolaus Hermann in March 1825 (indexed at Grabs and under Obertoggenburg, St. Gallen).20, 23 A Wisconsin county history names Frederick Spoehr's wife, born in Switzerland in 1831, as a daughter of "Nicholas and Christina (Hegnauer) Herman", who followed her to America in 1856 and settled in Outagamie County.21 The names, the Swiss birth and a daughter born six years after the 1825 marriage fit, and no other Christina Hegnauer married to a Nikolaus is known, so the identification is probable. Only FamilySearch's machine transcription of the biography has been read.
  • Death: not found. The Igis burial index is thin before 1780; a Nutt Hegnauer buried after 1762 should be sought under all spellings.
  • This profile is part of the Hegnauer one-name study.

Working notes

  • The earliest Igis Hegnauer father (children baptized 1748-1762)
  • PROBABLE = Nuttin bapt. 9 Aug 1725 Igis, son of Jacob x Leta Gujan (66VM-V1YN, image 130): the only Nutt of the right age; his first son (1746) is Jacob
  • First son Jacob bapt. 2 Jul 1746 (H1449, 66VM-XQKV, father indexed "Rutt"); naming: first son Jacob = his father Jacob H1434 (supports the parentage)

Sources

  1. 1

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Nuttin, 9 August 1725, Igis, Graubünden; parents "Jacob Hamauer" [Hegnauer] and "Ce Lujanin" [Leta Gujan] (DGS 8014188, image 130). FamilySearch record 66VM-V1YN; father's entry FamilySearch record 66VM-V1YK

  2. 2

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, marriage of Jacob Hagenauwer [Hegnauer] and Margredt Hartmann, 1 March 1715, Igis, Graubünden (Igis church book, FamilySearch DGS 8014188, image 159). FamilySearch record 66VW-81M1

  3. 3

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Jacob Hegnaner [Hegnauer], 2 July 1746, Igis, Graubünden; parents "Rutt" [Nutt] Hegnaner and Madlena Krätl. FamilySearch record 66VM-XQKV; parents' entries FamilySearch record 66VM-XQK2, FamilySearch record 66VM-XQKP

  4. 4

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Johan Georg Hegnaùer, 2 October 1762, Igis, Graubünden; parents Nut Hegnaùer and "Ma Anna" Kretler [Madlena Krädtli]. FamilySearch record 66VM-DCJG

  5. 5

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Christen Hegnaùer [Hegnauer], 12 December 1748, Igis, Graubünden; parents Nut Hegnaùer and Madlena Krätlner [Krädtli]. FamilySearch record 66VM-KM4W

  6. 6

    "New York, Passenger Lists, 1820–1957," database with images, Ancestry, ship Chase from Havre, arrived New York 30 September 1856 (NARA M237, roll 167), lines 155–161, family of Luzius Hegnauer indexed as "Hegemann". ancestry.com/search/collections/7488/records/1377441; arrival 29 Sep 1856 in the New York Herald and New-York Daily Tribune, 30 September 1856.

  7. 7

    Rätisches Namenbuch, vol. 3, Die Personennamen Graubündens, ed. Konrad Huber (Bern: Francke, 1986), read in its "Zusammenfassung der Einleitung" (summary of the introduction), pp. 5, 8 and 10: Nutt, with Janett, Janutt and Janutin, among the Graubünden names derived from Johannes, and a "Nuttin" recorded at Salouf in 1505; online PDF, Swiss Genealogy, kunden.eye.ch/swissgen/rnb/rnbein-d.pdf (accessed 27 September 2026).

  8. 8

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Nùtt Hegnaùer, 30 August 1752, Igis, Graubünden; parents Nutt Hegnaùer and Madlena. FamilySearch record 66VM-NLV4

  9. 9

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, burial of Nuttin Hegnauer, 10 January 1854, Igis, Graubünden; died 8 January 1854; born 1780 [computed]; parents Christ [Christian] Hegnauer and Ursula Nadig [Radig]; spouse Luzia Luzi. FamilySearch record 6F8D-7DG5; also indexed as FamilySearch record 6F8D-7PB7 and FamilySearch record 6F8D-M8GG

  10. 10

    Adolf Collenberg, "Igis," Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS), version of 2000 (print-edition article, updated 12 July 2017), hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/001598/2017-07-12 (accessed 27 September 2026).

  11. 11

    Adolf Collenberg, "Fünf Dörfer," Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS), version of 2000 (print-edition article, updated 10 March 2017), hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/015281/2017-03-10 (accessed 27 September 2026).

  12. 12

    Martin Bundi, "Verfassung und Landesgesetze," and Peter Bollier, "Bevölkerung und Siedlung," sections on the Free State of the Three Leagues (14th–18th centuries) in Florian Hitz et al., "Graubünden," Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS), version of 2004 (print-edition article, updated 29 August 2023), hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/007391/2023-08-29 (accessed 27 September 2026).

  13. 13

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Elisabeth Hegnaùer, 30 October 1754, Igis, Graubünden; parents Nutt Hegnaùer and Madlena "Nutz Knälenen" [Krädtli]. FamilySearch record 66VM-H24B

  14. 14

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Johan Heinrich Hegnaùer, 30 November 1757, Igis, Graubünden; parents Nut Hegnaùer and Madlena Krädtlenen [Krädtli]. FamilySearch record 66VM-HK8J

  15. 15

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Johanness Hegnaùer, 23 March 1760, Igis, Graubünden; parents Nut Hegnaùer and Madlena Krädlenen [Krädtli]. FamilySearch record 66VM-2LYZ

  16. 16

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, burial of Johan Georg Hegnauer, 1 October 1766, Igis, Graubünden; born 1762 [computed]. FamilySearch record 66V7-W2Y1

  17. 17

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, marriage of Christian Hegnauer and Ursula Redig [Radig], 15 January 1777, Igis, Graubünden. FamilySearch record 66VW-LLKD

  18. 18

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of "Ruttin Hegnaner" [Nuttin Hegnauer], 1779, Igis, Graubünden; parents Christen Hegnaner and Urschla Radig. FamilySearch record 66VM-2G4Q; father's entry FamilySearch record 66VM-2G4W

  19. 19

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, marriage of Heinrich Hegnauer and Märia [Maria] Hartmann, 27 August 1788, Igis, Graubünden. FamilySearch record 66VW-PYY8

  20. 20

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, baptism of Christina Hegnauer, 28 May 1800, Igis, Graubünden; parents Heinrich Hegnauer and Maria Hartman [Hartmann]. FamilySearch record 66VM-65WB

  21. 21

    FamilySearch Full-Text, county biographical history, Outagamie County, Wisconsin (probably 1890s), biography of Frederick Spoehr: his wife Christina Herman, born in Switzerland on 5 October 1831, was "a daughter of Nicholas and Christina (Hegnauer) Herman", who followed her to America in 1856 and settled in Outagamie County, where the mother died in 1863 and the father in 1878 (machine transcription); image familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9DX-CVMT

  22. 22

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, burial of Hans Heinrich Hegnauer, 3 September 1826, Igis, Graubünden; birth year 1757 in the index. FamilySearch record 6F88-B44Z

  23. 23

    "Switzerland, Catholic and Reformed Church Records, 1418–1996," database, FamilySearch, marriage of Christina Hegnauer and Nikolaus Hermann, 10 March 1825, indexed under Obertoggenburg, St. Gallen; bride's parents Joh Heinrich Hegnauer and Maria Hegnauer [Hartmann, indexed under her married name]. FamilySearch record 6FZP-MLXH; also indexed at Grabs, St. Gallen, 6 March 1825 (bride's father Johann Heinrich; groom Nikolaus Herrmann), FamilySearch record 66V6-PZ1Q