The Hegnauers in the Civil War, and the road west (1856-1869)

This source note covers the Civil War service of Luzius Hegnauer (H0001) and his sons John (H0002), Leonhard (H0003), Martin (H0006) and Christian (H0007). It also covers the Gasconade County home front and the family's journey from New York to Missouri in 1856. It was compiled on 2026-09-26 from online research, and every item was then re-checked in a separate verification pass. Only items that passed that pass are used here, graded confirmed or plausible. Refuted research claims are left out, and the corrections are listed at the end. John's rulings were revised later the same day, after his compiled service records were read on Fold3 (transcription).

How to read this note.

• The unit is not the man. "His company" or "the regiment" describes what the unit did. It is not evidence about him. A man is placed at an event only when his own record (a muster roll, a return or a descriptive book) puts him there.
• Inference marks my reasoning, not something a document says.
• Plausible means the claim is consistent and sourced but is not fully proven or was not re-read in the verification pass.
• Every event in the tables carries one of five presence rulings:
  • Documented: a dated record of the man himself puts him there.
  • Likely present: the man is carried "present" on the rolls for that period, and the unit's location is known, but no record shows where he personally was posted. For John, whose company moved and fought, it means he is present on the rolls on either side of the event with no absence recorded between. That makes him very likely present; it is not proof that he was in the action.
  • Unit engaged; presence unknown: his company or regiment took part, and nothing records whether he did.
  • Not present: the evidence puts him (or his company) elsewhere. Unless stated otherwise, this is a probable ruling, not a proven one.
  • Unrelated: the event involved a different company or unit.
• "Present" on a roll. On a bi-monthly muster roll, "present" describes the man on the muster date (for example 31 Oct or 31 Dec). It does not cover the whole two months.

The individual evidence (abstracted in the repo):

• Luzius: compiled service record, 11 pages (Fold3 file 230425668), plus his descriptive-book card (Fold3 image 239395003); pension index cards. See H0001 survey abstracts.
• Leonhard: compiled service record (Fold3 230425643), descriptive book and returns (Fold3 239395000); pension index cards. See H0003 survey abstracts and H0003 member media.
• John: compiled service records in two files, 23 cards, every card read: the 5th Missouri Cavalry file as "Hecknauer, John" (Fold3 215629932, 9 cards, including the Benton Hussars rolls of 1861 and the muster-in roll) and the 4th Missouri Cavalry file as "Hegenauer, John" (Fold3 211860511, 14 cards). See the H0002 CMSR transcription. Also the National Homes register, the pension index and NPS index cards (H0002). He is present on 17 of the 18 bi-monthly rolls from Aug 1861 to Aug 1864 and absent on 30 Jun 1864, "On expedition with Genl A. J. Smith". No roll places him at an engagement itself, so his engagement rulings rest on the rolls on either side of each one.

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Summary table: person | unit(s) | dates | engagements/events with presence ruling

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Leonhard and Luzius: Gasconade County Battalion and 4th Missouri Infantry

What the men's own records say

Luzius (H0001 abstracts; Fold3 file 230425668):

• Enlistment. Descriptive book, Co. F, 4th Missouri Infantry: age 42, 5 ft 6 in, dark complexion, grey eyes, brown hair, farmer, born "Igis Switzerland". He enlisted on 18 Nov 1861 at Herman[n] for 3 years; the recruiter's name reads "[?] Hundhausen".
• First roll. He appears as "Lucius Hegeman", Pvt., Co. D, Gasconade County Battalion USRC, on the muster roll from enlistment to 31 Dec 1861: present.
• Muster-in. Detachment muster-in roll dated Hermann, 9 Jan 1862: "From the 9th day of Jany 1862 and to cover past services as per S.O. from Maj. Genl Halleck dated Jany 3rd 1862".
• 1862 rolls. Co. F, 4th Missouri Infantry, bi-monthly rolls from Jan-Feb to Nov-Dec 1862 plus the special muster of 18 Aug 1862: present on every one. The footnote says the company was "formed of Co. D, Gasconade County Batt'n U.S.R.C. Mo. Inf., per S.O. [9?] … January 18, 1862".
• Muster-out. Muster-out roll, Benton Barracks, 1 Feb 1863: last paid to 31 Aug 1862; "Age 43".
• Pension. Invalid pension filed 15 Jul 1890, application 831,233, certificate 638,825.
• Later statement. The 1890 veterans schedule gives an enlistment of "15 Aug 1862". That is a later recollection and conflicts with the service record.

Leonhard (H0003 abstracts; Fold3 230425643, 239395000):

• Enlistment. Descriptive book, Co. C, Gasconade County Battalion USRC: age 19, 5 ft 5½ in, dark complexion, brown eyes, black hair, farmer, born "Grisson" [Grisons, i.e. Graubünden]. He enlisted on 14 Oct 1861 at Hermann, by [Hundhausen], for 3 years.
• First roll. Co. C, Gasconade County Battalion, muster roll from enlistment to 31 Dec 1861: present.
• 1862 rolls. Co. E, 4th Missouri Infantry: present from Jan-Feb through Sep-Oct 1862 and at the 18 Aug special muster. The Nov-Dec 1862 roll has him "present, Sick".
• Return. Co. E return for Oct 1862: "absent sick at hosp[ital]". The hospital is not named.
• Muster-out. Muster-out roll, Benton Barracks, 1 Feb 1863: last paid to 31 Aug 1862; "Age 20 years".
• Pension. Invalid certificate 1,097,644 (application 1,301,547) and widow's certificate 851,144 (application 1,086,039).
• Later statements. The 1890 veterans schedule gives "enlisted 16 Jun 1861, discharged 1 Feb 1863", with the disability "Deafness". The 1918 Bates County history says he "enlisted in 1861 for three months" and in Oct 1861 joined Co. E, 4th Missouri (H0003 member media).

Their comrades.

• George Krättli (Kraettly) of Untervaz, born 1819 and the neighbour of the Hegnauers in Boeuf Township in 1860, followed exactly Luzius's path: Co. D of the Gasconade battalion, then Co. F of the 4th Missouri. The NPS index has him as "Kraettly, George", "Kraetly, Geo." and "Kraettle". His service dates of 4 Nov 1861 to 1 Feb 1863 come from a Find a Grave transcription on WikiTree Kraettly-2. Confirmed for the units; the dates are plausible.
• Peter Danuser went from Co. D to Co. F, the same as Luzius (NPS index).
• Christian Danuser went from Co. C to Co. E, the same as Leonhard. According to Goodspeed he "served eighteen months as teamster" (Goodspeed pp. 1079-1080).
• George Eppler of Co. E had been a "lieutenant of the Home Guards" (Goodspeed pp. 1081-1082).

Narrative

June to October 1861: the bridge guards.

• The bridges attacked. On 12 June 1861, after the failed Planters' House meeting, Governor Jackson and General Price had the Pacific Railroad bridges over the Gasconade and Osage damaged. At the Gasconade, "the torch being applied the draw fell into the river" (Rombauer, The Union Cause in St. Louis in 1861).
• Lyon's order. The Hermann paper reported that on the same Wednesday the Hermann Home Guard "erhielt letzten Mittwoch den Befehl von General Lyon" to guard the county's railroad bridges. On Friday 14 June two more companies raised "unter den Farmern" (among the farmers) were sworn in. The county's Home Guard then numbered "zwischen 5-600 Mann" (between 500 and 600 men) and had no government arms (Hermanner Volksblatt, 15 Jun 1861, p. 2).
• Two battalions. Goodspeed describes two June 1861 battalions (Goodspeed pp. 652-654). Rombauer's table likewise has two Gasconade entries at Hermann, one of 5 companies and 473 men and one of 4 companies and 316.
  • Julius Hundhausen's battalion had 5 companies and 473 men. Its captains were Manwaring (A), Riek (B), Buckmeister (C), Stochlin (D) and Pehde (E, with B. Mundwiller as 1st Lt). It guarded Pacific Railroad bridges, escorted provision trains from Hermann to Montgomery City and went on an expedition from Miller's Landing to Georgetown. It was "disbanded October 1, 1861, and reorganized as Hundhausen's Battalion" of the Reserve Corps.
  • A second battalion under Col. James A. Matthews had 4 companies and 269 men and guarded bridges until September 1861.
• Two months of guard duty. By 10 Aug 1861 the companies had done two months of "langweiligen Wachtdienst an den Eisenbahnbrücken" (tedious guard duty at the railroad bridges). The county had at least eight companies, five of them armed with muskets (Volksblatt, 10 Aug 1861, p. 2).
• Harding's report. Adjutant General Chester Harding's report of 1 Jan 1862 counts "Hundhausen's Battalion 400" among the three-month Home Guards, men who were "more than decimated by diseases, are yet unrecognized and unpaid" (Organization and Status of Missouri Troops, 1902, pp. 146-147). The 1902 compiler adds (p. 227) that Home Guard records are very meager.

Leonhard's 1861 "three months" (assessed). The two claims about an 1861 enlistment point different ways.

• Candidate 1: the Gasconade Home Guard, June to 1 Oct 1861. Plausible, unproven.
  • For it:
    • His own date of 16 Jun 1861 falls two days after the farmers' companies were sworn in on 14 June.
    • The 1918 history's "three months" fits, and the Home Guard disbanded on 1 Oct, two weeks before he enlisted at Hermann on 14 Oct.
    • Conrad Klinge of Hermann did exactly this: "June 7, 1861, he enlisted for three months in the Home Guards, being mustered out October 1; but ten days later" he joined Co. B, 4th Missouri (Goodspeed p. 1095).
    • Leonhard's later captain, Balthasar Mundwiller, "was first lieutenant in the Home Guards. Afterward he raised Company E" (Goodspeed p. 1128, in the sketch of his son). The 2nd Lt of that 1861 Co. E was George Eppler, who later served in Leonhard's Co. E.
  • Against it: no roll names him. But the NPS index for the unit ("Gasconade County Regiment, Missouri Home Guard") holds only 283 names, all from the rolls of Cos. A-C plus 112 with no company, and none of them is a Hegnauer (NPS query). The rolls of Co. D (Stochlin) and Co. E (Pehde and Mundwiller) are missing, so his absence from the index proves nothing.
  • Alternative: Matthews's second battalion is also possible.
• Candidate 2: Co. C, 1st U.S. Reserve Corps Infantry, St. Louis, 7 May - 20 Aug 1861. This comes only from the HDS "Soldier Records and Profiles" index. It is probably a derived error.
  • No index entry. The NPS index has no Leonhard or Heg*/Hag*nauer in the 1st USRC (3 months), the 1st USRC (3 years) or the 1st USRC Home Guard. The nearest name is "Hagemann, Frederick", Co. C, 1st USRC (3 years).
  • Generic dates. The HDS dates are exactly the regiment's own muster-in and muster-out dates (Dyer, Compendium).
  • A city regiment. The regiment was "Composed of men from St. Louis' First Ward" under Col. Henry Almstedt. It was at Camp Jackson on 10 May, on the Jefferson City expedition of 20-24 June, and at Bird's Point and Cuba in August (Wikipedia).
  • Against his own date. Leonhard, who turned 18 on 25 Apr 1861 and was at home in Boeuf Township in 1860, gave 16 June, not 7 May, as his date.
  • Inference: his proven 1861 company was "Co. C" of a U.S. Reserve Corps battalion, so a database match could easily have turned that into Co. C of the 1st USRC.
  • To settle it: his pension file (below).
• A labelling trap. Leonhard's pension index card calls his battalion "Gasconade Co. Batt'n, Mo. H.G. & U.S.R.C.", and the NPS index calls it "Gasconade County Battalion, US Reserve Corps, Missouri Home Guard". That is the archival label of the October 1861 USRC battalion. It is not a record of June 1861 Home Guard service. The NPS/Dyer note on the 4th Missouri, "Organized June, 1861, by authority of Gen. Lyon", also blends the 1861 Home Guard with the later battalion (NPS).

October 1861 to January 1862: the three-year battalion at Hermann.

• Organization. The Gasconade County Battalion, USRC, was "organized at Hermann, Mo., from October, 1861, to January, 1862" (1902 compilation p. 120). Its officers, commissioned 6-9 Jan 1862, included Lt. Col. Julius Hundhausen and QM George Husmann. Co. C (Leonhard's) had Capt. B. Mundwiller and 1st Lt Michael Bauer; Co. D (Luzius's) had only 1st Lt Ernest Krech (Goodspeed p. 656).
• Todd's crossing. In late December the battalion held Hermann while Union columns crossed the river after bridge-burners. On 23-24 Dec Col. Todd crossed the Missouri at Hermann toward Warrenton and Danville with parts of the 10th Missouri and 81st Ohio, "leaving the balance of each under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Hundhausen, at Hermann" (OR I-8 p. 43, Todd's report dated Danville, 25 Dec). Hundhausen's battalion did not cross, so neither Hegnauer was on that expedition.
• The New Haven ferry. On 26 Dec Halleck wrote to Hundhausen: "A small force should be sent to New Haven to guard the ferry-boat" (OR I-8 p. 466). Who went is not recorded.
• Both men present. Both men are "present" on their companies' rolls to 31 Dec 1861, so both are likely present at the Hermann post.
• The muster-in order. Halleck's General Orders No. 25 of 14 Dec 1861 told Home Guards and units with an unauthorized "limitation as to place of service" to be "regularly mustered in for three years or during the war … to cover the full time of back service", or else be mustered out (1902 compilation p. 106). Luzius's detachment muster-in roll of 9 Jan 1862 at Hermann proves he was at Hermann that day and chose to stay in. Inference, plausible: the roll carries out that policy, although the card itself cites Halleck's special order of 3 Jan 1862, not GO 25.

January 1862 to February 1863: the 4th Missouri Infantry.

• Formation. Special Order 9 of 18 Jan 1862 joined the Gasconade battalion and the 3rd USRC into the 4th Missouri Infantry, seven companies strong. The officers were:

  • Field: Col. Robert Hundhausen, Lt. Col. Julius Hundhausen, Adjt. Jerome H. Bacon, QM George Husmann, Surgeon Edmund Boerner.
  • Co. E (Leonhard's): Capt. Balthasar Mundwiller (ranking from 5 Nov 1861), 1st Lt Eugene Alcan, 2nd Lt J. J. Stocklin.
  • Co. F (Luzius's): captain vacant, 1st Lt J. C. Meyer, and 2nd Lt Wm. R. McCracken, who was detailed as assistant provost marshal at St. Louis.

  Companies B, C, E and F came from the Gasconade battalion. A, D and G came from the 3rd USRC (Official Register of Missouri Troops for 1862, pp. 27-28).

• The mutiny, Feb 1862. "Several companies" of the new regiment "lately called the Third United States Reserve Corps" mutinied. They were "disarmed and placed in confinement at Benton Barracks" and sent to Cairo (GO 28, 2 Feb 1862; 1902 compilation p. 109). Nothing ties the ex-Gasconade companies E and F to it, and both Hegnauers stay "present" on the Jan-Feb roll: unrelated.
• Guarding the Pacific Railroad. The regiment's whole service was guard duty on the Pacific Railroad, the line through Hermann and the Gasconade bridge.
  • On 3 Jun 1862 Schofield sent the 1st USRC to Rolla, "relying on Hundhausen to guard the entire Pacific Railroad as far as the Osage" (OR I-13 p. 413).
  • On 23 Jul 1862, after the militia-enrollment order, Merrill wrote to "Col. R. Hundhausen, Pacific City, Mo.", telling him to "instruct your guards along the line of the road to be vigilant" and to arrest strays (OR I-13 p. 508).
  • The NPS unit history gives only "On duty in Districts of Southwest Missouri and St. Louis at Pacific City and St. Louis till February, 1863", with no battles (NPS).
  • OR volumes 3, 8, 13 and 22 contain no action report by the regiment.
  • Goodspeed's line that it "had charge of railroad bridges from St. Louis to Jefferson City until mustered out in 1863" is on p. 652, inside a paragraph that blends the 1861 Home Guards with the Reserve Corps (plausible).
  • Neither man can be credited with any named battle.
• The Pilot Knob proposal. On 29 Sep 1862 Gen. Davidson wrote to Col. Harding at Pilot Knob: "I hope to relieve your regiment for the Fourth Missouri in a few days" (OR I-13 p. 690). "Fourth Missouri" is unqualified; the 4th Missouri Cavalry did reach Pilot Knob in October. No evidence shows the infantry went, and both Hegnauers are "present" on the Sep-Oct roll: not present.
• Leonhard's illness. Leonhard fell ill: "absent sick at hosp[ital]" on the October return, and still "Sick" at the 31 Dec muster. This is the only non-routine entry in either man's record.
• Loutre Island, November 1862. The best-documented event in Leonhard's company came while he was sick. Before 19 Nov 1862, enslaved people escaping from Loutre Island, across the Missouri, "placed themselves under the protection of Capt. Mundweller" within the lines of the 4th Missouri (C. C. Manwaring to Gen. Curtis, 26 Nov 1862, quoted in House Divided Project, 2020).
  • The modern author places the company at the Gasconade bridge. The quoted primary letter does not say where it was.
  • Four of the freedom seekers were jailed at Hermann on Tuesday 25 Nov. About 9 p.m. they were freed by Manwaring, acting as provost marshal under a telegraphed appointment from Curtis. How many people escaped in all is not recorded.
  • Leonhard: unit engaged; presence unknown. He was in hospital in October and was carried "present, Sick" only at 31 Dec.
  • Luzius: unrelated. Only Co. E is named.
• The November return. The return of 20 Nov 1862 lists "PACIFIC CITY. Col. R. Hundhausen commanding. 4th Missouri (seven companies)" (OR I-13 p. 808) and, under the Central District, one company at Osage City under Capt. Adolph Knipper (p. 810). Knipper commanded Co. A, so that detachment is unrelated to both men. The regiment had only seven companies, so "seven companies" at Pacific City seems to count the whole regiment. That Cos. E and F were on the line is an inference.
• St. Louis, December. By 31 Dec 1862 the regiment had been pulled into St. Louis: "Saint Louis, Mo. Col. HENRY ALMSTEDT … 4th Missouri (seven companies), Col. Robert Hundhausen". The 23rd Missouri now held Pacific City (OR I-22 pt. 1 p. 894).
• Muster-out, 1 Feb 1863. Both men were mustered out at Benton Barracks, 1 Feb 1863. The Reserve Corps men had understood that "They were enlisted for service only in Missouri", and the dispute had produced mutinies. The War Department says the 4th Missouri was mustered out "apparently under" Special Orders No. 98 of 1 Sep 1862 (1902 compilation pp. 111-112, 119-120). Goodspeed names Special Orders No. 13 instead.

A note on the archive. The Missouri State Archives' Adjutant General records for the 4th Regiment Infantry are in RG 133, Box 2, folders 65-76. They include Co. F Special Orders (f. 69) and Regimental Morning Reports (f. 73) (finding aid 133.21, p. 14). The aid's mention of a "Battle of Corinth" casualty list is boilerplate: the same sentence appears under the 5th Regiment Infantry (three months) on p. 15. It also misdates SO 9 to 1863.

Dated chronology, with muster-roll alignment

After February 1863

• Enrolled for the militia again. In May 1863 a letter to the Hermann paper protested that Col. Sitton had ordered the discharged Reserve Corps men to be enrolled in the militia ("Reservecorps enrollirt werden sollen"). It argued that these men had volunteered first, "als Homeguards haben sie heute noch keinen Sold" (as Home Guards they have still not been paid), and had fought sickness "an den Brücken" (at the bridges) for "Fünf Vierteljahre" (five quarters of a year) (Volksblatt, 16 May 1863, p. 2). The Hegnauers are not named, but this is the best contemporary description of the service both men had just finished.
• Sitton's regiment. The county's militia regiment was the 34th Enrolled Missouri Militia. The 1864 Adjutant General's roster lists James O. Sitton as colonel, commissioned 13 Sep 1862, and Rudolph Poser only from 6 Aug 1864. On 23 Jul 1863 Sitton, from headquarters at Canaan, appointed Lt. Wm. C. Boeing "to complete the enrollment in Gasconade County" (Volksblatt, 15 Aug 1863, p. 3; MO AG Report 1864).
• Who was liable. Luzius (aged 43-44) and Leonhard (aged 20-21) were liable to enroll. Leonhard was probably still in Missouri: his 1916 obituary says he "in 1865 went to Madison, Ills." (Appleton City Journal, 9 Nov 1916). The 1918 history's "He then went back to Illinois" rests on its false premise that the family lived in Madison County from 1856.
• No record found. No militia record for any Hegnauer has been found. The Missouri State Archives' Soldiers' Records database, which holds the militia service cards, could not be searched online (see the open questions).

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John: Benton Hussars / 5th and 4th Missouri Cavalry

What his records say

• Compiled service records (NARA M405), read on Fold3 (transcription).
  • Two files, 23 cards. 5th Missouri Cavalry as "Hecknauer, John" (Fold3 215629932; Ancestry 2344/215629932), 9 cards, which include his two Benton Hussars rolls and the muster-in card of "Capt. Pfaff's Co., Missouri Mounted Vols." There is no separate Benton Hussars file. 4th Missouri Cavalry as "Hegenauer, John" (Fold3 211860511; Ancestry 2344/211860511), 14 cards. Cross-reference jackets: "Hagenauer, John" (215628933) and "Hagemaur, John" (211856675).
  • Enrollment and muster-in. Enrolled at Camp Benton, St. Louis, 1 Aug 1861 (5th Cav. cards; the muster-in roll gives every man the same date) or 13 Aug 1861 (the first 4th Cav. card; the company's organization date). Mustered in at Bird's Point, Mo., 18 Sep 1861, age 20 (Fold3 215629973).
  • Rolls. On every bi-monthly roll from Aug 1861 to Aug 1864 (18 rolls): present on 17. Absent on 30 Jun 1864, "On expedition with Genl A. J. Smith" (Fold3 211860515), with a stoppage for lost ordnance on the same roll. The special musters of 18 Aug 1862 and 15 Apr 1863 do not state presence. No card records sickness, hospital, desertion, capture, wound or furlough.
  • Rank. Private on the Jan-Feb 1863 roll; corporal at the special muster of 15 Apr 1863 and on every later roll.
  • Muster-out. Mustered out at St. Louis "for expiration of term", Oct 1864, age 24, bounty due $100. The Sept-Oct 1864 card reads "Oct 26[?]/64"; on the muster-out roll card both days are overwritten.
• National Homes register. He enlisted on 18 Sep 1861 at St. Louis and was discharged on 25 Oct 1864 at St. Louis, in Co. B, 4th Missouri Cavalry (H0002). The cards show that "18 Sep 1861, St. Louis" joins the Bird's Point muster-in date to the St. Louis enrollment place. The discharge day, 25 Oct, differs from the card's uncertain 26 Oct.
• Pension index. It lists "B, 4 Mo. Cavalry; A, 5 Mo. Cavalry; A, Benton Hussars Mo. Cavalry", with an application filed on 19 Aug 1890.
• NPS index cards (NARA M390, roll 21).
  • "Hegenauer, John", Co. B, 4th Missouri Cavalry, private in and corporal out (NPS).
  • "Hegenauer, John", Co. A, 5th Missouri Cavalry, "Original filed under John/Hecknauer" (NPS).
  • "Hagemaur, John", Co. B, 4th Missouri Cavalry, corporal (NPS).
• What the rolls can and cannot show. A "present" on a bi-monthly roll describes him on the muster date only. The engagements below are company or regiment facts; the rolls on either side of each one make him likely present (or leave him unknown), but no roll places him in any action.

His company: Captain Ernest Pfaff's

• The company's path. The Missouri Adjutant General's company history for Co. B, 4th Missouri Cavalry says it was "organized August 13, 1861 … by Captain E. Pfaff, as Company A, 5th Regiment Cavalry", and that "Company A was lettered Company B, 4th Missouri Cavalry" (MO AG Report 1864, p. 170). Nemett's Pea Ridge report also has "Company A, Captain Pfaff" (OR I-8 p. 244). That is exactly John's sequence in the pension index. Confirmed.
• His enlistment date. 18 Sep 1861 is the date the Benton Hussars' organization began ("Organized at St. Louis, Mo., September 18-December 23, 1861", NPS 5th Mo. Cav.), while Pfaff's company had been raised on 13 Aug. The service record settles it. Confirmed: 18 Sep 1861 is his muster-in date, at Bird's Point, not St. Louis. He had enrolled at Camp Benton, St. Louis, in August (1 Aug or 13 Aug, both company-wide dates).

Narrative

• Southeast Missouri, autumn 1861. In John's first weeks the company served in southeast Missouri.
  • On 26 Sep 1861, eight days after his muster-in at Bird's Point, a squadron from Norfolk, Mo. (a few miles below Bird's Point) surprised part of Jeff Thompson's force at Hunter's Farm near Belmont. "Captain Langen's company, and Captain Pfaff's company, returned at 5 o'clock p.m., with 4 prisoners and 4 horses" (OR I-3 pp. 197-198). Likely present: he was with the company at Bird's Point on 18 Sep and present on 31 Oct, with no absence recorded; whether he rode in the squadron that day is not recorded.
  • Grant's orders of 14 Oct brigaded "Langen's, Pfaff's, Burrell's and Noleman's cavalry" under Col. W. H. L. Wallace (p. 534).
  • The company history claims Fredericktown (21 Oct). The Fredericktown reports, however, name only "Captain Langen's company, called the 'Benton Cavalry'" (p. 215). The company history also says the company fought "under him" (Grant), but Grant was not at Fredericktown.
  • During the Belmont operations "Captain Pfafi's [Pfaff's] cavalry … were landed at Commerce, Mo." with Oglesby's column (p. 256). The company was therefore not with Grant at the Battle of Belmont on 7 Nov. John is present on the rolls of 31 Oct and 31 Dec 1861, which supports his being with his company, but does not change these company-level rulings.
  • The Benton Hussar company with Sigel and Frémont in October was "Captain Woldemar"'s, not Pfaff's (p. 520).
• Pea Ridge, March 1862. On 14 Feb 1862 the Benton Hussars and three companies of the Hollan Horse became the 5th Missouri Cavalry under Col. Joseph Nemett.
  • At Bentonville on 6 Mar 1862, "Company A, Captain Pfaff and Lieutenant Apprederis, 28 men" was in the rear guard covering Sigel's withdrawal, and "with Companies A and B, of the Benton Hussars, charged them". Lt Schipper had 20 more Co. A men out scouting (OR I-8 p. 244).
  • At Leetown on 7 Mar Companies A, B, E and G held the open field. Nemett "returned with Company A, commanded by Lieutenant Schipper" to rescue an abandoned gun of Welfley's battery.
  • On 8 Mar the regiment advanced to Elkhorn Tavern (pp. 244-245). The NPS order of battle gives the regiment 17 casualties; that figure was not re-checked (NPS).
  • Likely present. John is present on the rolls of 28 Feb and 30 Apr 1862, with no absence recorded between. At Bentonville the company was split (Pfaff's 28 men in the rear guard, Schipper's 20 out scouting), so even if he was with it he may have been with either party.
• Arkansas, 1862.
  • With Curtis to Batesville, Ark. (Special Orders 168, 9 May 1862).
  • By June 1862 Pfaff was "Commanding Fifth Missouri Cavalry" (OR I-13 pp. 129, 374).
  • Then to Helena.
  • The Knight's Cove skirmish of 19 Jun 1862 was Lt Hansen's Co. B, not John's Co. A. John is present with Co. A on 30 Jun 1862.
  • In October the company went by boat to Ste. Genevieve and marched to Pilot Knob.
  • On 15 Nov 1862 it was consolidated into the 4th Missouri Cavalry as Co. B (MO AG 1864 p. 170).
• 1863.
  • The company history claims the capture of Batesville, 4 Feb 1863, where "Captain [G. C.] Rose, Fourth Missouri Cavalry, led the charge" (OR I-22:1 p. 227). Likely present (present on 31 Dec 1862 and 28 Feb 1863), as far as the company itself was there; its part rests on its own history.
  • He was promoted to corporal between the Jan-Feb roll (28 Feb 1863, private) and the special muster of 15 Apr 1863 (corporal): documented.
  • From May 1863 to 20 Jan 1864 Co. B was at Columbus and Clinton, Ky., and Union City, Tenn., "always scouting" (MO AG 1864 p. 170).
  • Cos. C and E were captured at Union City on 10 Jul 1863. Co. B is not named among the captured, although its own memo places it at Union City that year. Plausible; the tension is unresolved. John is present with Co. B on 30 Jun and 31 Aug 1863, which supports "not captured".
• The Mississippi campaigns, 1864.
  • The march from Union City to Collierville (22 Jan - 8 Feb 1864) went through bottoms where "the water was from 2 to 4 feet deep and filled with large cakes of broken ice" (OR I-32:1).
  • At Ivey's Hill near Okolona, 22 Feb 1864, "General Smith ordered the Fourth Missouri Cavalry to charge with sabers". A rail fence stopped the charge, and the regiment's howitzer shell "is reported to have killed Colonel Forrest". The regiment's losses on the expedition were 6 killed, 4 wounded and 4 missing (pp. 268, 270). Likely present: John is present on the rolls of 31 Dec 1863 and 29 Feb 1864.
  • At Brice's Crossroads, 10 Jun 1864, Waring "placed the Fourth Missouri Cavalry, with drawn sabers and revolvers, in front" to cut through the enemy blocking the retreat (OR I-39:1 p. 133). Unit engaged; presence unknown. There is no roll for the day, and the rolls on either side conflict: John is present on 30 Apr 1864 but absent on 30 Jun 1864, "On expedition with Genl A. J. Smith" (Smith was then assembling the Tupelo expedition at La Grange). The same June roll stops his pay for lost ordnance. That is consistent with losses in the 10 Jun rout, but the card gives no place or date, so it is not evidence that he was there.
  • Co. B's claim to the Tupelo expedition (July 1864) is doubtful. The 4th Missouri Cavalry is absent from the Tupelo reports; a detachment of its brigade was on the Grand Gulf expedition instead. John himself, however, was away from his company with A. J. Smith's force on 30 Jun, and Smith's Tupelo column left La Grange on 5 Jul. Presence unknown; possibly with A. J. Smith's force. No July card places him there.
  • In August the regiment ("Fourth Missouri Cavalry, 261 men, 8 officers", p. 392) was on A. J. Smith's Oxford expedition. The company returned to Memphis on 30 Aug. Likely present: John is present on the roll of 31 Aug, the day after the return, with no absence noted for July-August. This is not a bracket of two "present" rolls (on 30 Jun he was away with Smith), and no card places him on the expedition itself.
• The end of his term, and Price's Raid. "The veterans and recruits of the company went, September 2, 1864, with General Mower", while "The rest of the company is now encamped near Memphis". The regiment was "mustered out, with the exception of the veterans and recruits … at St. Louis" (MO AG 1864 pp. 170, 173; the report says September, while John's cards give Oct 1864). John is present with the company on 31 Aug 1864 and, mustered out for expiration of term, was one of "the rest", not a veteran.
  • The veterans and recruits fought at the Big Blue and Mine Creek under "the Fourth Missouri, Captain Knispel", consolidated with the 7th Indiana Cavalry in Winslow's brigade (OR I-41:1 p. 328).
  • John was a three-year man, not a veteran. His term ran out on 18 Sep 1864, and he was mustered out at St. Louis "for expiration of term", at the end of his three-year term, Oct 1864. The day is uncertain: 26 [?] Oct on his Sept-Oct 1864 card (the muster-out roll card's days are overwritten), 25 Oct, the day of Mine Creek, in the National Homes register. He was not in the pursuit of Price; the muster-out confirms the ruling.

Chronology

Loose ends in John's index entries

• A 2nd Missouri Infantry card: probably a different man. "Hegnauer, John", Pvt, Co. B, 2nd Missouri Infantry (M390 roll 21, NPS). NPS files it under the three-year regiment, but the service record is the 3-month regiment's.
  • The card. Fold3 jacket "Hegnauer, John, Co. B, 2 Missouri Inf. (3 Months, 1861), Private" (234238514; Ancestry 2344/234238514), one card (234238515): Co. Muster-out Roll, Co. B, Rifle Battalion, Mo. Inf., attached to the 2nd Missouri Infantry (3 months, 1861), dated St. Louis Arsenal, 1 Aug 1861, to date 31 Jul 1861; enrolled 15 Jun 1861 at St. Louis for 3 months; "age 26, only roll on which name is borne". FamilySearch indexes the same file as FFB2-WYJ ("Second Infantry (1861), A-L").
  • Ruling. Age 26 in 1861 (born about 1835) does not fit John, who was 20 at his muster-in on 18 Sep 1861. Probably a different man; do not attach it to H0002. The dates alone would not have excluded John, since this service ended the day before his 1 Aug enrollment. FFB2-WYJ had been cited in H0002 as the FamilySearch copy of his cavalry record; it has been removed from that citation and kept only as a rejected lead in his Research Notes.
• A 5th MSM Cavalry card. "Hecknauer, John", Co. A, 5th Missouri State Militia Cavalry (NPS) is probably his 5th Missouri Cavalry card misassigned. Both come from M390 roll 21. His 5th Missouri Cavalry service file is under the same name, and the Ancestry index of M405 has no militia file for him.
• The Benton Hussars' first colonel. A secondary magazine names Christian Casselmann (Military Images, 2021). Plausible, not re-verified.

Keeping the units apart

• Benton Hussars (Nemett): with 3 companies of the Hollan Horse they became the 5th Missouri Cavalry on 14 Feb 1862. This is John's unit (NPS).
• Frémont Hussars: they became the 4th Missouri Cavalry, into which the 5th was merged on 15 Nov 1862.
• The 4th and 5th Missouri State Militia Cavalry are different Union regiments.
• A Confederate "Fourth Missouri Cavalry" (Burbridge's) was also in Price's Raid. The OR report list includes "No. 98. Col. John Q. Burbridge, Fourth Missouri Cavalry" (OR I-41:1). Beware it when reading records.

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The home front in Gasconade County

1861: bridges and Home Guards.

• The bridge. The war reached the Hegnauers' county within weeks. On 12 June 1861 Jackson's party burned the Gasconade bridge draw, and Lyon set the Hermann Home Guard to guard the railroad bridges (Rombauer; Volksblatt 15 Jun 1861).
• Hundhausen. Julius Hundhausen, a Hermann vine grower, "raised ten companies … Home Guards. This was in May" (Goodspeed p. 652). After the Reserve Corps was mustered out he was "appointed assistant provost-marshal … at Hermann".
• December. At Christmas 1861 Union troops crossed at Hermann after the bridge-burners north of the river, and the New Haven ferry was put under guard (OR I-8).

1862-63: militia and politics.

• Loutre Island, 1862. In November 1862 Hermann's German townspeople and the acting provost marshal, Manwaring, freed the four Loutre Island freedom seekers from the county jail (House Divided).
• Compulsory enrollment, 1863. Militia enrollment was compulsory, and it split the town.
  • The militia came home on 27 May 1863 "aus Camp Posemuckel" (a joke name for a backwater). That same day Col. Sitton ordered the Volksblatt's editor arrested and taken to Jefferson City ("auf Befehl von Col. Sitton arretirt") (Volksblatt, 6 Jun 1863).
  • Enrollment was pressed through the summer (Volksblatt, 15 Aug 1863).

1864: guerrillas and Price's Raid.

• Manwaring's death. Capt. C. C. Manwaring, the 1861 Home Guard captain and the provost marshal of the Loutre Island affair, was killed in spring 1864, "while on a visit to his family", while trying to arrest one of a party of rebels (Goodspeed p. 652). House Divided says he was "murdered by Confederate guerrillas" in May 1864, and the Hermann Farm museum gives 15 May 1864 (Hermann Farm).
• The militia called out. When Price's army came, the county militia (34th EMM) was ordered into service on 28 Sep 1864 (MO AG 1864 p. 279). Col. Poser reported "about 350 men, at Hermann; one only armed" and asked what to do with "One old six-pounder gun here" belonging to the city (OR I-41:3).
• Panic at the bridge. The militia companies sent to the Gasconade bridge blockhouse broke up in panic on a false report that Hermann had been burned (Onken and Eitzen reports).
• Berger's company captured. Poser reported that Lt. Berger's company was "taken prisoners on the east side of Osage bridge on Wednesday, the 5th of October" (the AG memo's 3 Oct is secondhand).
• Jefferson City. The regiment then served in McNeil's defence of Jefferson City as "Gasconade County Militia, Colonel Poser" (OR I-41:1 pp. 365-369, 374-377).
• Hermann taken, 3 Oct 1864. On the evening of 3 Oct 1864 Clark's brigade took Hermann "after a slight opposition (the enemy abandoning a 6-pounder iron gun)" (Price, OR I-41:1 p. 628). On 4 Oct a detachment under Lt. Col. Wood destroyed the Gasconade bridge.
• The town's own account. Capt. Hall rode in with the warning and a bugle called the citizens out. The gun was fired until "die Zündkapseln ausgingen" (the percussion caps ran out). Then "Hr. Nebel, ein Baselandschäftler Kanonier", a veteran of the Swiss Sonderbund War, spiked it (Volksblatt, 22 Oct 1864, p. 1). The women and children "took refuge in the caves in the vicinity and upon Graf's Island" (Goodspeed pp. 652-653).
• The accounts of the gun conflict. Goodspeed says the gun was brass and was thrown into the river. Price calls it an iron 6-pounder.
• Did the armies pass the Hegnauers? (plausible). Price's main column marched on the Union to Mount Sterling road on 3-4 Oct and reached Mount Sterling on the 4th. A detachment of A. J. Smith's pursuit "marched twenty-eight miles to Boeuf Creek" on 8 Oct (OR I-41:1 pp. 380-381, 645). Inference: both armies probably passed near Boeuf Township. But Goodspeed also shows a Boeuf Township in Franklin County, so the Boeuf Creek camp may not be in Gasconade at all. The Hegnauer farm's exact location is unknown; for scale, the village of Swiss in Boeuf Township lies "about ten miles south of Hermann".
• The countryside plundered. A letter dated "Woollam, Gasconade Co. 13 Okt. 1864" says stores were plundered, horses stolen and unarmed men shot, and that the writer was nearly killed for having served in the U.S. Army (Volksblatt, 22 Oct 1864). Plausible: the sentence "five men, four of them Germans" was read from the page image in research, but it is illegible in the OCR and was not re-seen.

The draft.

• 1864. The Volksblatt of 22 Oct 1864 reported "Keine Ziehung im 2. Distrikt" (no draft in the 2nd District), which included Gasconade County.
• 1865. County biographies show drafts in 1865. Christian Flutsch, for example, was "drafted in Company K, of the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois … transferred to the Eleventh Missouri" and fought at Spanish Fort (Goodspeed).
• Luzius. He turned 45 about 8 Dec 1864 and so aged out of draft liability.
• No Hegnauer found. No draft record for any Hegnauer has been found.

Where were the Hegnauers in 1864? This is not documented. John was with his company in Tennessee and Mississippi: present on every 1864 roll except that of 30 Jun, when he was away on expedition with A. J. Smith's force. Leonhard was probably in Gasconade County until 1865 (obituary). For Luzius, Margreth and the younger children there is no record between the 1863 muster-out and 1880, when they were in Bates County; the 1870 census has not been found. Nothing records what, if anything, happened to them in the raid.

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From Castle Garden to Gasconade County, autumn 1856

Landing.

• Arrival. The ship Chace arrived from Havre on Monday 29 Sep 1856 with about 200 passengers, the Hegnauers among them in steerage. Details are in the ship note.
• Castle Garden. They landed at the Castle Garden emigrant depot. Three weeks earlier a grand jury had inspected the depot (presentment dated 9 Sep 1856). It saw railroad clerks lay "maps of the various routes of travel before them" for newly landed emigrants and explain times and prices, and it noted that baggage got numbered checks. The attacks on the depot came from "runners, in the employ of booking-agents" (Commissioners of Emigration, Annual Reports 1847-1860, pp. 425-427).
• The Commissioners' figures for 1856. Only 1,064 people landed that year gave Missouri as their destination. Arrivals carried about $63 each on average. The Commissioners made small advances on pledged baggage so that families could move inland at once (from the ship note).

Route options that week. The New-York Tribune of 3 Oct 1856 advertised the Erie Railroad's "EMIGRANT, at 6 p.m., for Dunkirk" and through tickets for "CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS, KANSAS". The same page carried Pennsylvania Railroad advertisements for connections at Pittsburgh with the railroads to St. Louis (Tribune, 3 Oct 1856, p. 3). The route facts below are plausible (researched, not re-opened in verification):

Likely route, time and cost (an estimate, not family evidence). This estimate is low confidence.

• The likely route: Castle Garden, then the Erie emigrant train to Dunkirk, the lake to Toledo and rail to Chicago; then rail to Alton, a packet to St. Louis and the Pacific Railroad to Hermann.
• Conditions and time. Emigrant trains of the 1850s ran about 12 mph, with up to 84 people to a car (Kimball, BYU Studies 1995). On that basis the trip took about 8-12 days, so the family would have reached Hermann about 8-15 Oct 1856 if they did not stop on the way.
• Cost. At the 1859 guide's rule of "one cent a mile for emigrant class" (The New World in 1859), the fare was about $13-14 per adult from New York to St. Louis, in line with Kapp's figure of $14.50. With children at reduced fares the family of seven would have paid perhaps $60-80.
• For comparison, the Krättli party from Untervaz landed at New York on 10 Jun 1844 and reached Hermann in July 1844, before the railroads (WikiTree Kraettly-2).

Why Gasconade County.

• People from home were already there. Inference, well supported:
  • George Krättli of Untervaz, the next village to Igis and born the same year as Luzius, came in 1844 with his in-laws. In 1860 he was in Boeuf Township, and later he served in Luzius's company (WikiTree Kraettly-2). Confirmed for Untervaz, the 1860 Boeuf census entry and his unit. The idea that the two households are a few census pages apart rests only on Ancestry record numbers (40232604 and 40232694) and is unverified.
  • Christina Hegnauer (H0005) later married Sylvester Kraettly. His relationship to George is unproven.
  • Other Swiss neighbours: the Danusers (Swiss, arrived 1846), Anton Grass of Klosters (settled near Hermann in 1847) and Christian Flutsch (arrived 1858), who married Mary Felix from the same ship. Flütsch is also an old Igis family name (bglandquart.ch); Flutsch's canton is not stated.
  • The village of Swiss in Boeuf Township, built from 1881, was "so named because the inhabitants are mostly from Switzerland" (Goodspeed).
• Hermann was booming. From the railroad's arrival "to 1861 … money was plenty and times were good" (Goodspeed p. 678, which dates the railroad to 1854; the first passenger train came in Aug 1855). Hermann was also a wine town, like Igis. Inference: the wine link is my own suggestion as a motive.
• Cheap land was available. Under the Graduation Act of 1854, long-unsold federal land could be bought for as little as 12½ cents an acre (NPS Ozark history). No land record for Luzius has been found, so whether he bought any is unknown.
• Other Igis emigrants. The Jenni family left in 1845, others in 1846-54, and the Florin-Disch family in 1857. Except for the Pfeifers (who went to New Orleans), no destinations are given (bglandquart.ch).
• The 1918 history's "Madison County in 1856" conflicts with Gasconade in 1859-60. It might preserve a memory of a first stop at the Swiss colony of Highland, 27 miles east of St. Louis (Wikipedia). That is a hypothesis only.

The road west after the war (1865-1869).

• Leonhard. In 1865 he "went to Madison, Ills." (1916 obituary). On 4 Jul 1866 he married Susanna K. Hirschi of Canton Bern at Highland (H0003 member media, a duplicate certificate from his widow's pension claim). In 1869 he took a homestead in Bates County, Mo. According to the 1918 county history, the family crossed the state from Illinois "in wagons pulled by ox-teams, a three-week trip".
• John. He married Catharina Appel in Madison County on 24 Aug 1869 and was farming near Grantfork in 1870 (H0002).
• The parents were in Bates County by 1880.
• A lead on why Highland. Jonas Tontz, born 1836 at Igis, was the son of Christian Tontz and Barbara Bernet. His family settled near Highland (Grant Fork) in 1845, and Tontz sons married Hirschi women from Canton Bern (Brink, History of Madison County, 1882, p. 549). Any kinship to Margreth Bernet is unproven. A separate Hagnauer family (William, from 1833) lived at Highland and may explain the "Hagnauer" spelling in 1866.

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Stories worth telling

1. "Five quarters of a year at the bridges." Leonhard and Luzius never fought a battle. Their war was 15 months of guarding the Pacific Railroad, the line the family had probably ridden to Hermann in 1856 (inference), against sabotage and fever. Harding wrote that the bridge guards were "more than decimated by diseases" (1902 compilation). A Hermann letter of 1863 said they had fought sickness at the bridges for "Fünf Vierteljahre" (Volksblatt, 16 May 1863). Leonhard's hospital stay in the autumn of 1862 fits that picture exactly (Fold3).
2. Freedom seekers in Company E (Nov 1862). People escaping slavery on Loutre Island placed themselves under the protection of Capt. Mundwiller, Leonhard's captain. When four were jailed at Hermann, the town's Germans gathered and the acting provost marshal freed them (House Divided). This was his own company's moment in the history of emancipation, although he was sick that month and his part is unknown.
3. Father and neighbour in the same company. Luzius (42) and George Krättli of Untervaz (also born 1819), men from neighbouring villages on the Rhine, enlisted in the same Hermann company in November 1861 and were mustered out together on 1 Feb 1863 (NPS; WikiTree).
4. The rescued gun at Leetown (7 Mar 1862). When other Union cavalry broke, Nemett took John's Company A under Lt Schipper back into the timber to recover a gun of Welfley's battery (OR I-8 pp. 244-245). It is his company's best-documented deed. John, present on the rolls of 28 Feb and 30 Apr 1862, was very likely with the company at Pea Ridge, but whether he rode with Schipper's party is not recorded.
5. Sabers at Ivey's Hill and Brice's Crossroads (1864). John's regiment made a saber charge against Forrest's men that a rail fence stopped. Four months later it cut its way out of the rout at Brice's Crossroads "with drawn sabers and revolvers" (OR I-32:1; OR I-39:1). John, present on the rolls either side of Ivey's Hill, was very likely there. At Brice's Crossroads his presence cannot be ruled either way: present on 30 Apr, he was away "On expedition with Genl A. J. Smith" by 30 Jun.
6. Home while the veterans chased Price. In September 1864 Co. B split. The re-enlisted men marched after Price to Westport and Mine Creek, while the three-year men, John among them, waited near Memphis and were sent to St. Louis. He was mustered out there "for expiration of term" in October 1864: on 26 Oct by his last card, or on 25 Oct, the very day of Mine Creek, by the National Homes register (MO AG 1864 p. 170; transcription).
7. A Swiss gunner defends Hermann (3 Oct 1864). With the militia gone, the townsmen fired Hermann's old cannon until the percussion caps ran out. "Hr. Nebel", a gunner from Basel-Landschaft and a veteran of the Sonderbund War, spiked it and slipped away into the brush (Volksblatt, 22 Oct 1864). The women and children hid in the caves and on Graf's Island.
8. Maps at Castle Garden. Three weeks before the Chace landed, a grand jury watched railroad clerks spread route maps before newly landed emigrants (Commissioners' reports). The family would have chosen their way west in the same way.

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Open questions and records to order

Records to order or view (in priority order).

1. Leonhard's pension file (NARA RG 15; invalid cert. 1,097,644, application 1,301,547; widow's cert. 851,144, application 1,086,039). It should state all of his service and settle the 1861 question (Home Guard, Matthews's battalion or the 1st USRC), and it should describe his 1862 illness and his deafness. Some documents from the widow's claim are already on Ancestry as member-tree photos (H0003 member media). Contact that tree's owner before ordering.
2. John's pension file (application filed 19 Aug 1890; numbers not yet abstracted from the T288 card) and his full National Homes register entry (Leavenworth, 1909). Done 2026-09-26: his compiled service record (NARA M405, 5th and 4th Missouri Cavalry) was read on Fold3 (transcription); FFB2-WYJ, formerly listed here as its FamilySearch copy, is the 3-month 2nd Missouri Infantry card of a man aged 26. What the rolls cannot settle is where he was from May to July 1864: the 4th Missouri Cavalry's regimental books (item 6) might name the detachment that was "On expedition with Genl A. J. Smith" on 30 Jun 1864.
3. Luzius's pension file (invalid cert. 638,825, application 831,233, filed 15 Jul 1890). It is the best route to his death date and to his residence after 1863.
4. Missouri State Archives, Soldiers' Records database (Home Guard, Enrolled Militia and Missouri State Militia service cards). Search by hand for Hegnauer, Hegeman(n), Hegenauer, Hagenauer and Hageneur in the Gasconade County Home Guard of 1861 and the 34th EMM (1862-64), for Luzius, Leonhard and Martin. It could not be searched online in this pass.
5. Missouri State Archives RG 133, 4th Regiment Infantry, Box 2, folders 65-76. The Regimental Morning Reports (f. 73) could give company stations day by day, and the Co. F Special Orders (f. 69) may name details (finding aid).
6. Regimental books (NARA RG 94): the descriptive, order and morning-report books of the 4th Missouri Infantry and the 5th and 4th Missouri Cavalry.
7. Missouri Union Provost Marshal Papers (Missouri State Archives): loyalty oaths, arrests and damage claims after Price's Raid, for any Hegnauer in Gasconade County.
8. Civil War draft registrations (NARA RG 110; Ancestry "U.S., Civil War Draft Registrations"), Missouri 2nd District for 1863-65, and Madison County, Ill. for 1865 (Leonhard).
9. Missouri Adjutant General's reports for 1863 and 1865, for regimental station histories. Neither was found on archive.org.
10. Church records: the Reformed or Evangelical congregations near Hermann and Boeuf Township for 1856-65 (Barbara's 1859 baptism, the confirmations of Christina and Martin); the Highland Evangelical church for Leonhard's 1866 marriage; and the Igis register for Barbara Bernet, wife of Christian Tontz (the Bernet-Tontz lead).
11. Land and census: BLM GLO patents and the Gasconade County deed books for Luzius, 1856-65; the 1860 census image and the 1860 agricultural schedule for Boeuf Township (to find the farm and check whether the Krättli household is nearby); a page-by-page search of the 1870 census for Boeuf and Roark Townships.
12. Newspapers: the Hermanner Volksblatt issues of 1, 8 and 15 Oct 1864 do not survive. Look for other Hermann or St. Louis German papers (the Westliche Post and the Anzeiger des Westens) covering the raid in Boeuf Township.

Questions still open.

• Was Leonhard's 1861 "three months" in Hundhausen's Home Guard (Co. E?), in Matthews's battalion, or in neither?
• Where was Co. E, and where was Co. F, on any given date in 1862? Only the regimental headquarters and returns are known.
• Which hospital held Leonhard in October 1862, and was that illness the origin of his later deafness?
• Did Luzius or Leonhard serve in the 34th EMM in 1863-64, including during Price's Raid?
• Is the NPS "Hegnauer, John", Co. B, 2nd Missouri Infantry, our John or another man? Probably another man: his only card gives age 26 in 1861 (see the loose ends above).
• Where was John on 10 Jun 1864 (Brice's Crossroads), and was he with A. J. Smith's force at Tupelo in July 1864?
• Did the Hegnauers first stop at Highland in 1856, as the 1918 history might imply?
• Is Margreth Bernet related to Barbara Bernet Tontz of Highland?
• Is Sylvester Kraettly, Christina's husband, related to George of Untervaz?

Repo fixes flagged (not made here).

• The H0001 abstract reads the footnote on Luzius's Gasconade-battalion card as "consolidated with the 2nd Reg't U.S.R.C.". Every other source says the 3rd USRC. Re-read the card.
• H0007's header gives Christian's birth as 2 Feb 1851. The Igis baptism and his death certificate give 18 Feb 1851.

Searched, not found

• NPS Soldiers and Sailors index:
  • No Hegnauer variant in the 1st USRC (3 months or 3 years).
  • No Hegnauer in the 283 names of the Gasconade County Home Guard (whose rolls survive for Cos. A-C only).
  • No Martin or Christian Hegnauer. The index covers only two militia units, so it cannot rule out militia service.
  • Other variants (Hegenaner, Heckenauer, Hegnaur, Hegnouer, Hagenaur, Hegner) found no matching Missouri records.
• Official Records, Series I, vols. 3, 8, 13 and 22 (archive.org full text): no action report by the 4th Missouri Infantry or Hundhausen, no "Mundwiller" and no Hegnauer. Vol. 41, pts. 1 and 3: no mention of Boeuf Township or Swiss, and Price's camp of 3 Oct 1864 is not located.
• Goodspeed 1888, Rombauer 1909, the 1864 Missouri AG report, the 1902 Organization and Status and Brink 1882: no Hegnauer, Hegeman or Hagnauer.
• Hermanner Volksblatt, 1861-66 (349 of 362 surviving pages, from the OCR): no Hegnauer variant and no war incident in Boeuf Township. The OCR is poor, so this absence is not conclusive.
• No roll found naming Leonhard in the 1861 Home Guard, and no record of his 1st USRC service.
• No station found for Co. E or Co. F on any particular date, and no evidence that the 4th Missouri Infantry went to Pilot Knob.
• John: his muster rolls were found and read (see above). No casualty list names him, and no newspaper mentions his service. Ancestry 2344 searches for John Hecknauer, John Hagenauer (exact), surname Hegnauer (exact), John Hegenauer + Missouri and John Hagemaur (exact) found no separate Benton Hussars file and no other file for him.
• No family account of the 1856 inland journey, no exact 1856 fare, and no 1856 Pacific Railroad timetable or fare.
• No land patent for Luzius (the BLM GLO portal did not load), and no 1860 census neighbours read from the image.
• Not searched (blocked by Cloudflare, a login or a captcha; not bypassed):
  • the Missouri State Archives Soldiers' Records and Provost Marshal databases;
  • Chronicling America full-text search and the eHistory OR pages;
  • HathiTrust full text, Google Books and the FamilySearch wiki;
  • the Swiss newspaper archive;
  • Find a Grave memorial 28089099 (George Kraettly).

Corrections to earlier research notes

• Captain of Co. E. Goodspeed p. 1128 is the sketch of A. B. P. Mundwiller (born 1851). It was his father Balthasar who was the Home Guard lieutenant and raised Co. E, not the son.
• 34th EMM, colonel. The colonel in 1862-64 was James O. Sitton (commissioned 13 Sep 1862). Rudolph Poser took command only from 6 Aug 1864.
• 34th EMM, the Osage bridge. Berger's company was captured on 5 Oct 1864 (Poser's report), not 3 Oct.
• Leonhard after 1863. He did not "go back to Illinois" in 1863. He moved in 1865.
• Todd's crossing. Todd crossed on 23-24 Dec 1861. 25 Dec is the date of his report from Danville.
• Page numbers:
  • Davidson's Pilot Knob letter is OR I-13 p. 690 (not 689).
  • Osage City is OR I-13 p. 810 (not 808).
  • Goodspeed's "railroad bridges" line is on p. 652 (not 664), and the 4th Missouri officers are on p. 656 (not 668).
  • Danuser is on Goodspeed pp. 1079-1080 (not 1099), and Eppler on pp. 1081-1082.
• John Feldmann. He appears as adjutant of the Gasconade battalion but as assistant surgeon of the 4th Missouri (Official Register p. 27).
• Rombauer's table. It has two Gasconade Home Guard entries at Hermann (5 companies/473 men and 4 companies/316), matching Goodspeed's two battalions.